The standard condition is to have a pH of 4 in the anode half cell but sometimes during nonstandard states, the pH may be higher or lower changing the voltage.This means that the reduction of chloride = 1.31V not 1.36V If you were to mix zinc metal and copper ions in a container, this reaction would proceed by itself we say that this reaction is spontaneous. Consider this redox reaction: Zn + Cu 2+ Zn 2+ + Cu. Understand how voltaic cells are used as batteries. Concentration of chloride ion = 5.5M not the unit activity of 1M. Combine half reactions to determine the voltage of a voltaic cell.The reactants may be in nonstandard conditions which means that the voltage for the half cells may be less or more than the standard condition amount.There might be more than one electrode reaction that occurs meaning that there may be more than one half-reaction leaving two or more possibilities for the cell reaction.H 2 (g) requires a 1.5 V overpotential, while Pt (s) requires 0 V overpotential This case happens more frequently with gases. An overpotential or voltage excess is sometimes needed to overcome interactions at the electrode surface.There are four primary factors that determine whether or not electrolysis will take place even if the external voltage exceeds the calculated amount: If an aqueous solution of sodium chloride were used in the above system, hydrogen would undergo reduction instead of sodium, because it is a stronger oxidizing agent that sodium. The substance that is the strongest oxidizing agent will be reduced. The substance that is the strongest reducing agent (the substance with the highest standard cell potential value in the table) will undergo oxidation.
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